Why And When To Use Shell Scripts Essay Example for Free

Why And When To put on Shell Scripts EssayUse the Internet and the ITT Tech Virtual Library to research lecture bridge players and answer the following questionWhat is a shell script?What are the advantages of using shell scripts?What are the common usages of Windows PowerShell?A shell script is a computer program designed to be run by the shell of an operating administration such as Unix. The various dialects of shell scripts are considered to be scripting languages. The advantages of shell scripts areShortcuts provides a pleasant variation of a system command where special environment settings, command options, or post-processing apply automatically, except in a way that allows the new script to still act as a to the full normal shell command. Batch Jobs allow several commands that would be entered manually at a command-line user interface to be executed automatically, and without having to wait for a user to trigger each stage of the sequence.Generalization kind o f of each item being listed within the script, the item is provided on a command line and the shell uses loops, tests and variables to take those items and perform a simple task. PowerShell is a Microsoft Windows tool used to create scripts used in place of the command-line tool. PowerShell uses cmdlets which are specialized commands that implement specific functions which in turn perform a single(a) or multiple tasks.

Electricity and Magnetism Essay Example for Free

Electricity and Magnetism EssayIn this investigation I result be desirous a range of inebriant in a method known as calorimetry. This will sp atomic number 18 me to see the amount of brawniness produced by each(prenominal) alcohol, and then look at the structure of the alcohol and investigate why an amount of slide fastener is produced for each alcohol. Before I go on with the try there are several factors that must be first understood. What is an alcohol? The definition of an alcohol as taken from Richard Harwoods Chemistry textbook is a series of organic compounds containing the functional group OH. The OH group, called a hydroxyl radical group is what defines the compound as an alcohol.The alcohol compounds are very similar to the alkanes, however alcohols contain unrivaled oxygen atom, creating the hydroxyl group, and making the alkane an alkanol (alcohol). As the hydroxyl group makes the compound different to an alkane, the hydroxyl group is seen to be function al. The formula for alcohol is In this investigation I will look at the first five alcohols. These are methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol and pentan-1-ol.The classification of alcohols is similar to the classification of alkanes, where the name refers to the number of carbon atoms i. e.meth- maven carbon atom, eth-=two carbon atoms, prop-=3 carbon atoms, but-=four carbon atoms, pent-=five carbon atoms and so on. The carbon atom that the hydroxyl group is bonded to whitethorn classify the alcohol further. If it is joined to the end carbon atom it is classified as -1-ol, if it is bonded to the second carbon atom it is classified as -2-ol and so on. The five alcohols I am testing are shown with formulas, and atomic structure dia constant of gravitations be number 1 image RMM Formula expression Boiling Point Methanol.What is burn? The definition of conflagration as taken from Richard Harwoods Chemistry textbook is a chemical reaction in which a center reacts with oxygen the reaction is exothermic. Burning is a combustion reaction that produces a flare out. The reactions that will take place in our investigation will be combustion reactions, as we burn the alcohol in calorimetry. The combustion of an alcohol produces carbon dioxide and weewee. This is represented by the spare-time activity equation ALCOHOL + OXYGEN iCARBON DIOXIDE + WATER e. g. The combustion of methanol produces carbon dioxide and wet METHANOL + OXYGEN i CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER 2CH3OH + 3O2 i 2CO2 + 4H2O What is calorimetry? Calorimetry is defined as the science of heat. It may be used in chemistry to measure the heat energy exchanged for a substance during a reaction, by allowing the substance reacting to heat a careful jackpot of liquid. The temperature change of this liquid is measured and put down, and the following equation may be used to calculate the heat energy transferred to the liquid wake change = MC?T (where M = nap of liquid, C = critical temperature, and T = temperature change). The critical temperature is the residuum between heat energy applied and the subsequent temperature rise. E. g. for 1g of piddle a temperature rise of 1 i C requires 4. 8 joules of heat energy. Using calorimetry may be used to measure both reactions in solution, and reactions non in solution. Wet reactions or those in solution are more exact than those not in solution, as the actual energy release of the reaction is creation measured instantly as a thermometer is placed in the solution.For change reactions, (a reaction not in solution such as the burning of an alcohol) the reaction must be used to heat a passel of water and the temperature maturation measured from the water. As the combustion reaction must transfer its heat energy from the reaction to the water, calorimetry for dry reactions spate be inaccurate due to heat loss. HYPOTHESIS I believe that the increased complexity of a molecule and the energy released by it are proportional. I found t his idea upon the theory of open frame and making bonds. In a molecule, bonds hold atoms together.When these bonds are formed energy is given out to the environs (exothermic), and when these bonds are broken energy is absorbed from the milieu (endothermic). This may be seen by the alcohols boiling points Name Boiling Point Methanol 65 Ethanol 78 Propan-1-ol 97 Butan-1-ol 117 Pentan-1-ol 137 Using this theory of breaking/making bonds, we can say that there will be a greater amount of energy released from the combustion of a more complex alcohol, as more bonds will be formed. When more bonds are formed, more heat energy is released. The hypothesis may be seen on the flowing graph exam To investigate the relationship between the structure and heat provided by combustion of a range of alcohols, we will use the method of calorimetry. We will do this by burning an alcohol, and allowing it to heat a mass of water. amount the temperature rise of this mass of water we can use the formul a to find the heat energy released during the reaction. setup == 1 can == 1 measuring cylinder == Water == 1 thermometer == 1 stand == 1 clamp == 1 boss == 1 heat mat == 1 alcohol burner/candle == 1 balance == Draught shields Fig1 Experiment setup. Method.Safety must be ensured at all times, as passing flammable substances are being burned here. All students must wear eye protection during the experiment, handicap standing during the experiment, and be aware of the flames around them. 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in name 1. 2. The alcohol candle is weighed on the balance, and the mass recorded. 3. The mass of water in the can measured and recorded 4. The height between the candlewick, and the base of the can must be set and recorded, measuring the distance with a ruler. 5. The temperature of the water is measured and recorded using the thermometer.6. The candle is lit and the thermometer monitored until the water has risen by a given temperature. 7. The candle is blown ou t, the burned-over wax on the base removed of the candle, and the candle is weighed. The entropy produced by this method will then be calculated by the formulas ? H (j) = mass of water (g) X specific heat capacity of water (S. H. C) X temperature rise (? C) The result of this is found per gram of alcohol burnt by dividing it by the change of mass ? H per gram of alcohol burnt (J/g) = ? H (? C) / change in mass (g) The results of this are the found per mole of alcohol burnt.? H per gram of alcohol burnt per mole (J/mole) = ? H per gram of alcohol burnt (g) X RMM of alcohol Variables in that respect are two instances of versatiles dependant variables and in mutually beneficial variables. Dependant variables are those that are unbroken constant at a set value, so that they cannot cause variation in the results, by changing throughout the experiments. thither should only be one independent variable in a test, this is what is being tested. thus the dependent variables for this inv estigation are as follows (see fig 2) 1. The distance of the wick from the base of the canThe distance of the flame from the base of the can may variegate the results greatly, as it will decide how much of the flames heat is transferred directly to the can and to the water. The experiment should allow the flame to contact the can at its hottest point. The most accurate and inviolable way to measure flame distance from the can is to measure the distance of the wick. For the purposes of our experiment this should be accurate enough. Measuring the distance from the wick and the base of the can each time will control this variable. 2. The mass of water heated.The volume of water can vary the experiment greatly, as the greater the mass of water used, the more alcohol will be combusted to reach the target temperature. Also when a greater mass of water is used, the test will go on for longer, and thus a greater amount of energy will be transferred to the surroundings as wasted energy. Me asuring the amount of water used each time will control this variable. 3. The type of can used. The type metal the can is made from is super important to the experiment, as different metals conduct heat with different efficiency and at different rates.Therefore the type of can used will affect the heat transfer to the water. Using the same can each time will control this variable. 4. The heat increase The heat increase can vary the experiment, as the greater the energy increase, the greater the mass of alcohol burnt, and the greater amount of energy transferred to the surroundings as waste. The start temperature may affect the results, as the higher the temperature the equipment reaches, the more heat will be wasted in the surroundings, according to the theory that heat energy moves from areas of high heat energy to areas of low energy.By allowing the equipment to cool after each experiment to a set temperature this variable may be controlled. 5. Stirring of the water Stirring the water will affect the results, as it means that the whole mass accounted for in the calculation will be being heated, not just one volume of water. The type of stirring in terms of frequency and power may affect the results also, and must be kept constant. To control this variable, the same type of stirring will be used each time. The only variable in the experiment will be the changing type of alcohol being combusted, as this is what is being investigated.

Argue and Persuade Essay Example for Free

Argue and Persuade EssayI tin grass see why some people may think that at that place is no benefit to be gained by analysing the poem Half-Past 2, as some may find it tedious and would rather enjoy the poem as it is. Yet, I firmly believe analysing a story/poem definitely does assist our accord of a certain story/poem. In the poem Half-Past Two there is no doubt in my mind that without discussing the poem with others you can not understand or appreciate it fully. As with all poems there are so many concealed or secret meanings with in it, by discussing the poem these can be revealed so everyone knows the whole meaning of the poem.By understanding a poem/story you result similarly enjoy it more as you wont have to try and figure out the maculation of the story. After reading a poem you can then analyse it then read it once again with a better understanding, therefore relish its full significance. If you were reading a story or a poem, which you do not understand it would become more of a choir to read, rather than a pleasure.By studying the poem Half-Past Two you can see the good use of puns, personification, repetition and other literary devices and begin to cherish the real effort and skill put in by the writer. You can also learn new ways that you could possibly improve your profess standard of writing. You may acquire change methods of adding literary devices into your work, you can also expand your vocabulary by reading professional poets/writers work.When analysing the poem Half-Past Two you are given a good insight on how a young boys world king work, when not being able to read time. You can understand his feelings when he is left alone, without a lead what to do, but only left to stare at the clock and fall in to a never-ending land. You can see that by not knowing time a child my have his deliver regime which he sticks too, yet when put out of it would find it hard to get back into it as he may have lost track of his own time.My opin ion has been obviously displayed in this essay, I think that without fully understanding a poem/story (mainly poems as they usually have the writers own personal feelings embedded into the poem they have wrote) you can not enjoy it to its full potential. Im sure everyone has watched a film they did not understand and therefore did not enjoy it fully. Yet after watching it a second time (a form of analysis) you will understand the plot sufficiently and will prefer it on the second viewing. This is what my argument is based on, without understanding you do not have the full enjoyment from anything, be it a film, a poem or a story.

John Locke Short Introduction Essay Example for Free

John Locke Short Introduction canvasJohn Locke, who is widely known as the Father of Liberalism, is a great publishr, philosopher and physician of the 17th century. He was natural on 29 August 1632 and died on 28 October 1704 when he was 72. He was baptized on the same day as he was born. He was a gifted man and David Hume once draw him as wrote like a water-drinking local councilor, his style ungainly, his idioms commercial, his imagination puritanical, his humor labored, his purposes wholly practical. As he is a talented thinker and uses different perspectives to see and think on certain things, he revolutionized the surmise of Mind to the world in his master comp unitynt part, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. On the other hand, he as well as developed the approximation of liberty among people in orderliness. His contributions to the world are incredible as his ideas of social contract and state of nature laid the theoretical foundation of the Constitutions o f the United States of America.In Lockes life, he came from a very intelligent and faithful Baptist family that gave him a good education and took him to a good civilize Christ Church, Oxford. Though he studied medicine but non philosophy or other critical thinking courses, he met prominent people (e. g. Robert Boyle, Thomas Wills) who stimulate him immensely in either perspective. One eminent scholar was Thomas Sydenham, who imposed a huge impact on the idea of how man accumulates cognition. Thanks to Sydenham, Locke wrote one of his famous works An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.Thomas Sydenham gave advice to Locke in treating Shaftesburys liver cancer. Locke realized in the file of Shaftesbury that knowledge in a book could be different from the circumstances Locke was facing. Hence, he brocaded the pivotal question in his essay Is the foundation of knowledge based on theory or experience? This essay stimulated several fresh ideas to philosophers in the 17th century. One of the famous philosophers who were greatly influenced by Locke was David Hume, who described John Locke as a superb man.After Shaftesbury survived from the liver cancer, he became Lord Chancellor and led Locke to be involved in the welkin of politics. In the political struggle of Shaftesbury, Locke assisted him by writing another famous work ii Treatises of Government. It is believed that the ideas mentioned in the essay were influenced by Hobbes thinking, but Locke never referred or mentioned the name of Hobbes. Locke countered the statements raised by Hobbes in the book of Leviathan that everyone is living in terror and war of every man against every man.Locke raised a counter statement that everyone is created equally and everyone in society has rights to fight for their life, freedom and property. To accomplish it, we shall abide together and grant greater power to protect ourselves. This also explains how civilization works. The original purpose of this piece is an argument to attack Shaftesburys opponents (supporters of Absolute Monarchy). However, the ideas of natural rights and a new reformation of government mentioned inner(a) the essay are recognized as the most influential ideas on the political system in the 17th century.The basis of liberty was widely used by the founding fathers of the United States of America to write the American Declaration of Independence and the Constitutions. The influences of John Locke did not just stop in the 17th century. They hitherto last today. Every time we hear about liberty and freedom, the basis of these concepts had been defined by Locke clearly. Besides, the number of free religion which is still discussed nowadays was also originated by Locke. The theory of spiritual tolerance was one of the most controversial ideas during Lockes lifetime.In this perspective, some historians even regarded the European War as the war between religions. In some statements made by Locke, he argued human knowledge was possibly pretended unless there was definite proof. By the same token, he considered that religion, which did not have clear proof, was possibly false. Because of this, religious tolerance was necessary. Religious tolerance is still being debated nowadays and it has greatly changed the outlook of modern society after this idea was promulgated. Lockes life was a legend.He was born in a Baptist family and his literary productions are full of elements related to Christianity. From the statement of All men are created equally, it clearly shows Lockes belief in the perspective of equality. Besides, he was also greatly influenced by the idea of knowledge. He questioned the complete of knowledge and questioned whether knowledge is true as always. I believe he wrote such ideas because of his experience in the treatment of Shaftesburys cancer that led him to start questioning that the things he had learned from the medical books were not really practical.Instead, to him, they were muc h more proper to be described as imaginary notions. From this perspective, he was inspired to write the essay concerning human understanding. Besides, Locke also influenced the world and created waves of revolutionary ideas in many fields. The great philosophers Voltaire and Rousseau were profoundly inspired by Lockes theories. Ultimately, Locke Father of Liberalism was not simply a gifted person born to be the father of liberalism, but also because of circumstances, situations which he encountered in his life to make him the father of liberalism.

Steinbecks Of Mice and Men And Gary Sinise film version as Foundation for the story Essay Example for Free

Steinbecks Of Mice and Men And Gary Sinise bring dis plazawork forcet as Foundation for the story EssaySteinbecks tragic and hard authorship story critique of the us in the 1930s. The everlasting novel is some both outsiders who ar looking for a job on ranch so they can collect enough money to find on that point own place in this unforgiving world.The opening of the novel and the film differ from each other in umteen ways. The film has a tense and dramatic start where as the novel is set in a quiet and peaceful woodland area as Steinbeck sets the scene in clear detail. The film opens with get down pace of music in the background while the credits appearing in white writing for a couple of minutes. Gary Sinise puts the credits at the beginning rather than at the residue. As the music fades there is black background with the infrequent, faint beam of moonlight, streaming through the open cracks in the box auto of a train. The camera shot focuses on a lonely person, cro uched in the corner, looking by the typeface on his face as if he has the weight of the world on his berms.This creates the audience curious about who the man is, which bes them want to watch on to find out the identity of this character. Suddenly the film explodes into discolor in a dramatic style as a panic and stricken woman, with her dress ripped, runs towards a group of men working on a ranch. The next clip is of the group of men, carrying guns on horseback, chasing two un-armed men. These two men are Lennie and George, who are racing through the grassy fields and bushes. A ace of danger and threat is created as George is continually looking over his shoulder and pushing Lennie along as the men on horseback continue to hunt the two men.When George always look over his shoulder for Lennie in real life. It shows a mother always looking over her shoulder to play if her foul up is all right. Both of the men fall into a stream and hide under the overgrown widows weeds and gr ass from the Men. The men pass by the stream and this causes a sense of excitement within the audience. The get-go coating up on Lennie shows us his big, worried eyes, like a child, The heavy breathing bread but both men remain silent, and as time goes by the crickets begin to chirp this shows that the men have stopped chasing them.The beginning of the novel is very different as Steinbeck opens the scene in the countryside close to the Salinas River near to Soledad in USA California. Steinbeck describes this in clear detail. He creates a very peaceful asynchronous transfer mode by using words such as fresh and green with every spring and the leaves duplicity so deep and so crisp that a lizard makes a great skittering if he runs among them. Rabbits move into out of the brush to sit on the sand in the evening. This is explaining how peaceful and quitter the atmosphere is. But the film shows an exciting chase in a tense and dangerous atmosphere. The set-back time you see Lennie and George in the novel they are nicely walking through the trees and drinking from the pool. His huge companion dropped his blankets and flung himself down as he drank from the surface of the green pool.This is another symbol of Lennie behaving like a child. As George settles back to retard and Lennie get his nerves we are shown how George blames Lennie for making his life difficult. Lennie is described in terms of an animal, bear-like. When we first see Lennie and George in the film they are running away from a Mob of ranchers. This show the audience they are criminals. In the film they are both wearing different clothes. George is wearing denim and Lennie is wearing dungarees to make him look like a big kid. This differs from the novel as Steinbeck has the two men in the selfsame(prenominal) dress. Both were dressed in denim trousers and in denim coats with brass buttons. And they both wore black hats.The beginnings of the Steinbecks novel and Gray Sinsie film version are very different The film effects the story termination by making Lennie and George look like criminals because they are running form a mob of ranchers the first impression you get is of the Lennie and George are bad people and they have done something very bad. Before when George is in the box car this draws the audience to the film but gives them difficulty to know if that character is this makes him look fly-by-night because when it goes into the scene where the women is running to the ranchers the impression the audience that George is the person that attacked her.The both lets us understand to like the characters of George and Lennie so we can be sympathetic towards them this is the reason why both start better of the foundation of the end of the story then the film the end of the novel is better because we grow to love the chanters and when George shoots Lennie I uncivilised very up set because I had stared to like them like friends but the film is does not make u feel very sympat hetic.

Industrialisation and Identity Essay Example for Free

Industrialisation and Identity probeIn 1889 Chicago had the peculiar qualifications of growth which made such adventuresome pilgrimages even on the mapping of young girls plausible. Its many and growing commercial opportunities gave it wide blossom fame, which made of it a giant magnet, drawing to itself, from all in all quarters, the hopeful and the hopeless those who had their fortune yet to give rise and those whose fortunes and affairs had reached a disastrous climax elsewhere. (Dreiser 15f) At the turn of the 19th cen whileury, the industrial enterprise brought ab reveal tremendous change in the US. With innovations and inventions like the run for locomotive engine, rail focal point lines, electri city, addresss and c fiting, the expression of American society shifted and evolved. People from the coarse aras started flocking to the tough cities in hopes of finding work and a pa do life, a dream many chased in vain. The protagonist in Theodore Dreisers novel sis Carrie, 18-year old country girl Carrie Meeber, is one of the hopeful she moderates her homet have to find happiness and mastery in the big city of Chicago.At first, she bridles with relatives and experiences the miserable, tiresome daytime-to-day struggle of the working middle-class of job-hunting and then expectant menial labour in a factory. However, she soon grows tired of her situation. She lets herself be mesmerised by the riches displayed by early(a)s, which both intimidates her and fills her with an insatiable longing for money and status. With this desire growing in her heart, she is willing to make all the sacrifices to achieve her goal, leaving her safe, but unexcite home to live with Charles Drouet, a man whom she besides knows, but who withdrawers her a comfortable modus vivendi.Nevertheless, Carrie still is not satisfied, so she leaves him for the wealthier George Hurstwood and continues to search for a room to success and happiness by obtaining status and commodities, losing herself in the process. In his novel Sister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser illustrates how the industrialisation did not still change the structure of American society at the turn of the 19th century, but also excite a deep impact on the consumer culture and individual consumer behaviour of the American middle-class, marking the starting line of the impossible quest of struggling to create ones identity through consumption.The Industrialisation The inventions and innovations of the industrialisation brought about great change for American society and peoples everyday lives. Roughly forrader 1750, even though the Americans with their steadily advancing frontier were a very progress-oriented people, the general expectation was to legislate in a world not much different to the one one was born in. ( hybridization 53) However, during and later the industrialisation, the accessiond development of ground-breaking new-fashioned technology did not only affect the e conomy, but also the way people viewed the world.The inventions of the locomote engine and electric automobile carity, the new ways of change of location and communication over long distances and new forms of retail created new employment and consumption possibilities (Cross 53), allowing a more and more comfortable and luxurious lifestyle in the cities for the upper-class and those middle-class citizens who were able to afford to keep up with the latest trends and fashions. The steam engine is said to be the central invention of the industrialisation period from the 18th to the 20th century, as it stir as many technological advances as no otherwise invention forrader it.Invented in Britain at the beginning of the 18th century, Gary Cross explains it took quite some time until was imported, adapted and improved by the Americans to learn their needs. In the 18th century, he reasons, there was no need for an alternative source of energy, as grand forests, coal deposits and wat er energy were available. In the 19th century, however, this indifferent attitude towards the steam engine changed basically and its potential as an energy source for manufacturing was exploited. Cross 84) By 1830, only about five per cent of the American factories used steam power by 1900, it was over 80 per cent. (Cross 93) Steam also put together its uses in the non-industrial sector as central heating for buildings. In Sister Carrie, Carrie delights in her modern innovative York apartment supplied with steam-heat and a bath with hot and cold water (307). In addition to that, the steam engine was applied in the area of transportation as energy source for street cars, steam boats, and locomotives.The railroad had a tremendous effect on both the American economy and society in the 19th century. Daniel W. Howe mentions three main consequences of the railroad (among many others) Firstly, it sped up the process of urbanisation by connecting rural areas to the big cities. (Howe 565) For example, Chicago, one of the main settings of Sister Carrie, evolved from a village of less than 100 inhabitants in 1830 to a city of 30,000 in 1850, which would have been absolutely inconceivable without the railroad. (Howe 567) In 1889, the time the story of the novel sets in, its tribe is greater than 50,000 (16). Secondly, allowing the efficient transport of commodities across the country by shortening waiting times and bare-assed costs, the railroad not only led to a tremendous change in trading disdain, but also provided the incentive for technological advancement in steel production as well as in the efficiency and safety of readys and tracks, laying the groundwork for further innovation of methods of transport later in history. Howe 566)Finally, as a comparatively convenient and affordable way of travelling, railroads also provided the opportunity for trunk call trips and vacations in far-away places even for the American middle-class. (Howe 565) There are two reas ons for taking the train in Sister Carrie for business purposes, and with the intent of moving to another city. Interestingly, there are no actual vacations taking place in the novel merely plans of travel are mentioned, mostly overseas trips to Europe (142357). Of far more liaison are Drouet and his ambivalent feelings about business travel.He undoubtedly enjoys meeting and flirting with the ladies he meets on the road. He has no reservations of striking up a chat with Carrie on her first train jaunt from her hometown to Chicago, who (unsurprisingly) is very impressed by Drouet and his knowledge of the various places he has visited on business. (4ff) Drouet is a drummer, a travelling salesman, a job requiring the railway for fast long-distance travel. For him, train journeys hold no deep intend they are simply a necessary part of his work.In a short flirtation with a chambermaid, he reveals that he travels far, but does not care for travelling all that much, explaining, You get tired of it after(prenominal) awhile. (200) The same trip, merely a boring return of a business trip for Drouet, is a life-altering, exciting journey for Carrie. Never having travelled before, she is reassured by the thought that home will never be far away since the cities were bound more closely by these very trains which came up daily (3). The railroad shortened travel times drastically.While it took five weeks to travel from Chicago over the Appalachians to New York in 1790, seventy years later the distance could be crossed in merely two days. (Cross 104) Originally, Carrie moves from the countryside to the city because she is in need of work however, her expectations for her hereafter are far more ambitious. Her hopes of fortune and fame she projects on this onrushing train, which was merely speeding to get there. (3) The second and by far most dramatic journey in Sister Carrie, however, is the elopement of Carrie and Hurstwood.Having stolen a large sum of money from his em ployers, he tricks Carrie into leaving Chicago with him on a train bound for Detroit, from where they continue to Montreal, Canada. Again, all hope is set on the train as the (only) way to a better future. In this case it is Hurstwood, who in his desperation loses all eloquence, who considers the only possible future as a thing which concerns the Canadian line. (275) Making the train his lifeline, he hopes to cross the border as soon as possible, since abroad he will be safe from the legal repercussions of his hatred.Hurstwood manages to persuade Carrie to stay with him, but since life in Montreal does not seem worthwhile to either of them, they soon decide to move on to New York, again with the hope of a promising future awaiting them once they get off the train. The invention of the telegraph revolutionised long-distance communication thoroughly, possibly even more so than the railroad did long-distance transportation. Professor Samuel Finley Breese Morse and his team were the f irst to develop a commercially viable kind of electric telegraph in America by 1848, the system of wires reached Chicago. Howe 695) Research and experiments led to Thomas Edison finding a way of sending messages back and forth over one wire at the same time in the 1870s and to his invention of the phonograph, with which messages could be recorded. (Cross 176)Unlike the telephone, which was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 and was primarily used for social purposes (Cross 181), the telegraph was mostly used for commercial purposes and information transmission. It also found its use in communication on the railroad, improving the safety and efficiency of trains. Cross 102) In Sister Carrie, the telegraph and even the telephone have short appearances at crucial points in the story, both concerning Hurstwoods crime and dramatic escape. Coming across a famous drug store with one of the first tete-a-tete telephone booths ever erected (271), Hurstwood phones the train station to obtain information regarding the train times, as he wishes to leave as soon as possible. Opposed to the novelty of the telephone so explicitly stressed by Dreiser, the already well-established telegraph is casually integrated in the story.On the train bound for Detroit, Hurstwood worries that the afternoon cover might already cover his theft and wonders what telegraphs might come (282), indicating his fear of not being able to escape fast enough. The telegraph was a useful tool for the police to coordinate searches and catching criminals before they were beyond reach, apparently leading to a few successful arrests. (288) Once in Canada, Hurstwood anxiously checks the newspaper, and, among the riff-raff of the telegraphed murders, accidents, marriages and other news items from out the length and breadth of the land (297), he discovers a small notice of his own crime.Because he cannot see himself staying abroad, he tries to negotiate with his former employers the return of the money and a possible rehiring, the last mentioned of which obviously eliciting a much colder response than the firstalso via telegraph. (302) Electricity was one huge tone towards a modern economy and society. At first mainly used to replace gas lighting, its uses expand rapidly with every new innovation and improvement of existing technology as mentioned, the telegraph and telephone depended on electric energy, and the electronic signal for the railway introduced in 1872 greatly improved the safety of trains. Cross 102)However, in the first years, electricity was mainly used to making America a brighter placein the literal sense. (Cross 157) Brighter and cleaner than gas lighting, the electric light bulb invented by Thomas Edison in 1879 gradually took over homes, offices, and city streets. (Cross 158) In the late 1880s, steam-powered street cars in many cities were replaced by electric ones, as they were a faster alternative to get the workers from their homes to their work places an d back.They were also less expensive, and the inevitable contamination was concentrated in the area the energy was generated and not spread throughout the city electric streetcars did, however, increase noise pollution. (Cross 159 168) Light is the element creating the most obvious distinction between places of luxury and places of suffering in Sister Carrie The former are all bathed in light, while the latter are cast in shadow or are dimly lit at best. For example, the shoe factory Carrie works in in the beginning is xtremely poorly lit (36f), while the department stores as temples of consumption and the streets as their runways are practically aglow (30).As their financial situation in New York becomes irreversibly dire, Hurstwood one day finds Carrie reading, quite alone. It was rather dark in the flat, shut in as it was. (358) Bright lights, on the other hand, are abundant in places Carrie enjoys being she quite literally experiences the bright side of life when she dines out with friends at Sherrys, a very popular and expensive restaurant the high society of New York likes to dine at.She marvels at the splendid dining chamber, all decorated and aglow, where the wealthy ate, with its incandescent lights, the reflection of their glow in polished glasses, and the shine of gilt upon the walls . On the ceilings were colored traceries with more gilt, leading to a centre where spread a broad circle of lightincandescent globes mingled with glittering prisms and stucco tendrils of gilt.

Reading Skills Essay Example for Free

Reading Skills EssayReading daily, Reading deeply, Reading wide ar the few important scientific disciplines of leaseing from which we hobo enhance our understanding of passage, ameliorate our vocabulary, correct our grammatical mistakes, increase our thinking capacity and helps in improving or learning any part of a language. The more you take up the genius thing you realize the key to doing well in the examination, and the key to bring to pass or present any task in a well equipped way. There be many techniques personad in accepting to get and understand whole idea or stocky of the passage to purify edition. But few important skills of glance overing atomic number 18 go throughn below to improve study.1. Styles of instruction 2. agile reading 3. A tip for speeding up your active reading 4. speckle authors navigation aids 5. rowing and vocabulary pic1. Styles of reading There atomic number 18 three styles of reading which we use in several(predicate) situ ations Scanning Scanning is what you do to break an serve up to a specific question. You whitethorn run your eyes quickly devour the page in a zigzag or wind instrument S pattern. If you are facial expression for a name, you none capital letters. For a date, you look for numbers. Vocabulary delivery may be bruskfaced or italicized. When you scan for information, you read only what is needed.Its useful to scan parts of texts to escort if theyre going to be useful to you the introduction or preface of a book the first or last paragraphs of chapters the concluding chapter of a book. Skimming for getting the gist of somewhatthing Skimming is covering the chapter to get some of the main ideas and a general overview of the actual. It is what you do first when reading a chapter assignment. You dont read for details at this point. Here is how you skim a chapter . To preview a passage before you read it in detail Read the first paragraph of the chapter line by line. Next, read all the bold print headings projecting at the beginning. Read the first sentence of every paragraph. Study any pictures, graphs, charts, and maps. Finally, read the last paragraph of the chapter. As you skim, you could write d avouch the main ideas and develop a chapter issueline. Detailed reading for extr playing information accurately Where you read every word, and work to learn from the text. In this careful reading, you may find it helpful to skim first, to get a general idea, exactly then go back to read in detail. Use a dictionary to make sure you understand all the words used. pic2. Active readingWhen youre reading for your course, you need to make sure youre actively involved with the text. Its a waste of your cartridge holder to just passively read, the way youd read a thriller on holiday. Always make notes to keep up your concentration and understanding. Here are four tips for active reading. Underlining and highlighting Pick out what you think are the most importan t parts of what you are reading. Do this with your own copy of texts or on photocopies, not with borrowed books. If you are a visual learner, youll find it helpful to use different colours to highlight different aspects of what youre reading.Note key words Record the main headings as you read. Use one or twain keywords for each point. When you dont indirect request to mark the text, keep a folder of notes you make while reading. Questions Before you start reading something like an article, a chapter or a whole book, prepare for your reading by noting down questions you involve the material to answer. While youre reading, note down questions which the author raises. Summaries Pause after youve read a section of text.Then 1. put what youve read into your own words 2. skim through the text and taking into custody how accurate your summary is and 3.fill in any gaps. pic3. A tip for speeding up your active reading You should learn a huge amount from your reading. If you read passivel y, without learning, youre wasting your time. So train your mind to learn. get word the SQ3R technique.First developed by researchers at Ohio State University, SQ3R is a useful technique for absorbing pen information. It helps you to create a good mental framework of a subject, into which you can fit the right facts. It helps you to cross out study goals and prompts you to use the review techniques that will help you to remember.The acronym SQ3R stands for the five sequential techniques you should use to read a book Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review. Survey Gather the information you need to focus on the work and luck goals Read the title to help prepare for the subject Read the introduction or summary to go over what the author thinks are the key points Notice the boldface headings to see what the structure is Notice any maps, graphs or charts. They are there for a purpose Notice the reading aids, italics, bold face, questions at the end of the chapter. They are a ll there to help you understand and remember.QuestionHelp your mind to engage and concentrate. Your mind is employed in learning when it is actively looking for answers to questions. Make questions that can be answered during the reading of the material. This will give a purpose to your reading. Take a heading and turn it into a question. For example, if a heading in a chapter about Cell Division is in your biology text, make a question by turning the title a binge How does cell division occur? or How many steps are involved in cell division? Read Read the first section with your questions in mind. straightway you read the material trying to find answers to your questions.This is a careful reading, line by line. You may want to take notes or make flashcards. Recall As you read, look away from your book and notes and try to answer your questions. This checks your learning and helps put that information in your memory. After each section, stop and think back to your questions. ho ld in if you can answer them from memory. If not, take a look back at the text. Do this as lots as you need to.. Review To check your memory, scan portions of the material or your notes to verify your answers. Review the material and note the main points under each heading. This review step helps you retain the material.The SQ3R method is just one technique that can be used to retain information you collect while reading. Students learn in different ways. Therefore they should be aware of their learning styles. Knowing whether you are an Auditory (learn by hearing), optic (learn by seeing) or Kinesthetic ( great deals-on) learner helps you to understand your best learning environment. The SQ3R technique of reading can help to enhance your reading skills no matter what your style is. pic4. Spotting authors navigation aids scam to recognize term signals, for example Three advantages of or A number of methods are available leads you to assume several points to follow. The first s entence of a paragraph will often indicate a sequence One important scram of followed by Another important factor and so on, until The final cause of General points are often illustrated by particular examples, for example General Birds beaks are appropriately make for feeding. Particular Sparrows and other seed-eating birds have short, stubby beaks wrens and other insect eaters have thin pointed beaks herons and other weight hunters have long, sharp beaks for spearing their prey. Whatever you are reading, be aware of the authors background.It is important to recognize the bias granted to writing by a writers political, religious, social background. Learn which newspapers and journals represent a particular standpoint pic5. Words and vocabulary When youre a graduate people expect you to use a vocabulary which is wider than a school-leavers. To fly off the handle your vocabulary Choose a large dictionary rather than one which is compact or concise. You want one which is big e nough to define words clearly and helpfully (around 1,500 pages is a good size). bend dictionaries which send you round in circles by just magnanimous synonyms. A pocket dictionary exponent suggest impetuous = rash.A more comprehensive dictionary will tell you that impetuous meaning rushing with force and violence, while another gives liable to act without consideration, and add to your understanding by giving the derivation 14th century, from late Latin impetuous = violent. It will tell you that rash means acting without due consideration or thought, and is derived from Old High German rasc = hurried. So underlying these two confusable words is the difference between violence and hurrying. There are over 600,000 words in the Oxford side of meat Dictionary most of them have different meanings, (only a small proportion is synonyms).Avoid dictionaries which send you round in circles by using very complicated language to define the term youre looking up, sledding you struggling to understand half a dozen new words. Keep your dictionary at hand when youre studying. Look up unfamiliar words and work to understand what they mean. Improve your vocabulary by reading widely. Reading skills in a precis form Comprehensions Reading comprehension is a basic skill that each college student must possess. Believe it or not, reading is a complex, accrued skillnot acquired overnight learning to read and comprehend takes practice.Comprehension involves obtaining information from written text. A reader who comprehends a text accurately understands what the writer intended to communicate. She understands the purpose and the main idea. Comprehension cannot be observed directly, but a reader who is able to retell, paraphrase or summarize a text demonstrates comprehension. Interpretation When a reader interprets a text, he is employing a critical thinking strategy. He uses evidence and clues from the text to melt down conclusions and looks for larger or more universal princi pals in what he has read.Interpretation requires going beyond the sign impression of what he has read to develop a more complex and complete understanding. Analysis When a reader analyzes the text, she identifies the assumptions of the writer and examines the structure of the argument. She asks questions such as, Does the evidence support the argument? and Does it support the conclusions the writer draws? She is looking for evidence of a logical and/or consistent argument. Synthesis With synthesis, the skilled reader is able to come out how a text develops or builds meaning.He sorts out and reconstructs ideas in a text to point out how they are interrelated. He compares and extends meaning from multiple sources. Evaluation Evaluation, determining the quality and effectiveness of a text, is the highest level of critical thinking associated with reading, according to Lesley Thompson, Senior Assessment and Accountability Program Associate at the northwestern United States Regio nal Education Laboratory. An effective reader evaluates the merit of the text by drawing on her own experience and knowledge and considering whether other sources provide evidence that agrees with or contradicts the writers argument.